The thyroid is one of the largest endocrine glands in the body. This gland is found in the throat. The thyroid controls how quickly the body burns energy, makes proteins, and how sensitive the body should be to other hormones.
The principal hormones it makes are thyroxine (T4) an triiodothyronine (T3), which is more active. These hormones regulate the growth of many systems in the body. T3 and T4 are synthesised from iodine and tyrosine. The thyroid also makes calcitonin, which plays a role in calcium homeostasis.
Thyroid problem can be caused by:
- iodine deficiency
- autoimmune diseases, in which your immune system attacks your own body, leading either to hyperthyroidism (caused by Graves’ disease) or hypothyroidism (caused by Hashimoto's disease)
- inflammation of the thyroid (which may or may not cause pain), caused by a virus or bacteria
- nodules, or non-cancerous lumps, inside the thyroid
- cancerous tumours on the thyroid gland
- certain medical treatments, including radiation therapy, thyroid surgery, and some medicines
- some genetic disorders
Occasionally, pregnancy can cause thyroid problems to start or get worse. If left untreated, this can cause problems for mother and baby, including miscarriage, premature birth or stillbirth.
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